Suchergebnisse

1. History and Perspective of Indoor Air Quality Research -- 2. High Volatility Organic Compounds (VVOCs) -- 3. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) -- 4. Semi Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) -- 5. Cooking, Heating Appliances -- 6. Vaping and Secondhand Exposure -- 7. Particles, Including Particles of Ambient Origin -- 8. Aerosol Dynamics for Particles -- 9. Deposition of Particles -- 10. Resuspension of Particles -- 11. Interaction of Gas Phase Pollutants and Particles -- 12. Cooking Aerosol -- 13. Personal Care Products as Sources -- 14. Sampling and Analysis of VVOCs, VOCs in Indoor Air -- 15. Sampling and Analysis of SVOCs in Indoor Environment.

Abstract
Wood pellets are increasingly used for space heating in the United States and globally. Prior work has shown that stored bulk wood pellets produce sufficient carbon monoxide (CO) to represent a health concern and exceed regulatory standards for occupational exposures. However, most of the pellets used for residential heating are sold in 40-pound (18.1 kg) plastic bags. This study measured CO emission factors from fresh, bagged-wood pellets as a function of temperature and relative humidity. CO concentrations increased with increasing temperature and moisture in the container. CO measurements in a pellet mill warehouse with stored pallets of bagged pellets had 8-h average CO concentrations up to 100 ppm exceeding occupational standards for worker exposure. Thus, manufacturers, distributors, and home owners should be aware of the potential for CO in storage areas and design facilities with appropriate ventilation and CO sensors.

Satellite observations of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) for tropospheric sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) and formaldehyde (HCHO) column mass densities (CMD) are analyzed for the period 2005–2016 over the atmosphere of Kazakhstan. Regarding SO(2) the major hot spots relate to regions with high population and large industrial facilities. Such an example is the city of Ekibastuz that hosts the biggest thermal power plants in the country and exhibits the higher SO(2) CMD at national level. The annual average CMD in Ekibastuz reaches 2.5 × 10(−5) kg/m(2), whereas for the rest of the country respective values are 6 times lower. Other hotspots, mostly urban conglomerates such as Almaty and Nur-Sultan, experience high CMDs of SO(2) in particular years, such as 2008. One of the main reasons for this behavior is the financial crisis of 2008, forcing the application of alternate heating sources based on cheap low-quality coal. Regarding HCHO, an oxygenated Volatile Organic Compound (VOC), the main hot spot is noticed over the city Atyrau, the oil capital of the country where two massive oil fields are located. The highest HCHO CMD (9 × 10(15) molecules/cm(2)) appears in the summertime due to secondary production as a result of the photo-oxidation of VOCs emitted by industrial sectors, oil refinery plants and vehicles. Strongly elevated HCHO amounts are also observed in Nur-Sultan in 2012 that could be due to the residential coal combustion and vehicle exhaust under poor winter dispersion conditions. Significant reductions in HCHO observed between 2012 and 2015 can be attributed to two significant measures implemented in the country in 2013 that aimed at the improvement of air quality: the introduction of the emission trading system (ETS) for greenhouse gases and Euro-4 standards for new vehicles entering the national vehicle fleet.